Factors associated with never treatment and acceptability of mass drug administration for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis in Guyana, 2021.

Guyana remains one of four countries in the Americas endemic for lymphatic filariasis (LF). Elimination of LF requires repeated annual mass drug administration (MDA) with sufficient levels of coverage for success. This study assesses the acceptability and never treatment of LF MDA using data from a routine assessment survey in 2021. A subset of individuals, over 20 years of age (n = 2498), were selected to receive an expanded questionnaire to examine factors associated with acceptability and never treatment. Assessed factors include respondent demographics, knowledge, risk perceptions of LF, and opinions on the MDA programme. The majority (73%) of those with scores above the acceptability threshold (score ≥22.5) reported participating in MDA two or more times. Factors strongly and positively associated with scoring above the acceptability threshold include beliefs in importance of participation in MDA for their community (aOR = 2.8, 95%CI (1.1-7.2)), perception of importance of LF treatment (6.9 (3.2-14.7)), receiving treatment in 2021 (2.9 (1.5-5.4)), and the number of self-reported times taking treatment for LF (2.2 (1.1-4.4)). Ten percent of respondents participated in the MDA for the first time in 2021, while 15% reported never treatment during any round of LF MDA. Three factors were statistically associated with participation in MDA across the two levels of the models (level 1: took LF treatment once versus never, and level 2: took LF treatment twice versus never) included: 1) scoring above the acceptability threshold (aOR = 6.2, 95%CI(3.8-10.0)), 2) self-reported importance of participation in MDA for their community (7.1 (2.9-17.8)), and 3) personal beliefs that they should take LF treatment even if they are not sick (2.6 (1.7-3.9)). As Guyana moves closer to LF elimination, these results provide further insight and understanding into programmatic results and could inform further action following MDA activities-particularly if an approach is needed to address never treatment during MDA.

Health workers vaccination: Experience and lessons learned from Costa Rica.

Objective: To describe the decision-making processes, enablers, challenges and lessons learned in Costa Rica for implementing a sustained and multi-pronged approach in health workers vaccination (HW). Methods: A retrospective descriptive analysis was conducted by searching published and grey literature, including scientific publications, legislation, decrees, policies, manuals, technical reports, and platforms used for data register and coverage monitoring. Key informants from the Ministry of Health (MoH), the Costa Rican Social Security Fund (CCSS) were interviewed representing national, subnational and local levels; as well as members of the National Technical Advisory Group (NITAG) and the private sector. Collected data were transcribed and categorized by the following specific topics using a thematic content analysis approach: decision making process, pre-service screening, vaccination for current HWs and engagement with the private sector. Major findings were discussed and organized into enablers, challenges and lessons learned. Results: Decision making processes to establish the vaccination strategies and schedules in Costa Rica were based on the epidemiological trends of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) and cost analysis. Risk assessment and feasibility considerations determined that some vaccines such as hepatitis B, varicella and influenza, were first introduced in HWs and then were expanded to other target populations. These decisions were approved by the NITAG as the advisory technical advisory group of the MoH. Main enablers identified were: high level and sustained political will, decisions based on data analysis and feasibility considerations, HWs knowledge and high vaccine acceptance and demand. Challenges were related to effective coverage monitoring, and private sector engagement. Conclusions: The Costa Rican experience provides lessons learned that can be leveraged by other countries to strengthen HWs vaccination strategies at regional and global levels.

Modernizing the design and analysis of prevalence surveys for neglected tropical diseases.

Current WHO guidelines set prevalence thresholds below which a neglected tropical disease can be considered to have been eliminated as a public health problem, and specify how surveys to assess whether elimination has been achieved should be designed and analysed, based on classical survey sampling methods. In this paper, we describe an alternative approach based on geospatial statistical modelling. We first show the gains in efficiency that can be obtained by exploiting any spatial correlation in the underlying prevalence. We then suggest that the current guidelines' implicit use of a significance testing argument is not appropriate; instead, we argue for a predictive inferential framework, leading to design criteria based on controlling the rates at which areas whose true prevalence lies above and below the elimination threshold are incorrectly classified. We describe how this approach naturally accommodates context-specific information in the form of georeferenced covariates that have been shown to be predictive of disease prevalence. Finally, we give a progress report of an ongoing collaboration with the Guyana Ministry of Health Neglected Tropical Disease programme on the design of an IDA (ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine and albendazole) Impact Survey of lymphatic filariasis to be conducted in Guyana in early 2023. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenges and opportunities in the fight against neglected tropical diseases: a decade from the London Declaration on NTDs'.

Lessons learned from the implementation of integrated serosurveillance of communicable diseases in the Americas.

Objective: Systematize the experience and identify challenges and lessons learned in the implementation of an initiative for integrated serosurveillance of communicable diseases using a multiplex bead assay in countries of the Americas. Methods: Documents produced in the initiative were compiled and reviewed. These included concept notes, internal working papers, regional meetings reports, and survey protocols from the three participating countries (Mexico, Paraguay, and Brazil) and two additional countries (Guyana and Guatemala) where serology for several communicable diseases was included in neglected tropical diseases surveys. Information was extracted and summarized to describe the experience and the most relevant challenges and lessons learned. Results: Implementing integrated serosurveys requires interprogrammatic and interdisciplinary work teams for the design of survey protocols to respond to key programmatic questions aligned to the needs of the countries. Valid laboratory results are critical and rely on the standardized installment and roll-out of laboratory techniques. Field teams require adequate training and supervision to properly implement survey procedures. The analysis and interpretation of serosurveys results should be antigen-specific, contextualizing the responses for each disease, and triangulated with programmatic and epidemiological data for making decisions tailored to specific population socioeconomic and ecologic contexts. Conclusions: Integrated serosurveillance as a complementary tool for functional epidemiological surveillance systems is feasible to use and key components should be considered: political engagement, technical engagement, and integrated planning. Aspects such as designing the protocol, selecting target populations and diseases, laboratory capacities, anticipating the capacities to analyze and interpret complex data, and how to use it are key.

Lessons learned from the implementation of integrated serosurveillance of communicable diseases in the Americas

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Systematize the experience and identify challenges and lessons learned in the implementation of an initiative for integrated serosurveillance of communicable diseases using a multiplex bead assay in coun- tries of the Americas. Methods. Documents produced in the initiative were compiled and reviewed. These included concept notes, internal working papers, regional meetings reports, and survey protocols from the three participating countries (Mexico, Paraguay, and Brazil) and two additional countries (Guyana and Guatemala) where serology for sev- eral communicable diseases was included in neglected tropical diseases surveys. Information was extracted and summarized to describe the experience and the most relevant challenges and lessons learned. Results. Implementing integrated serosurveys requires interprogrammatic and interdisciplinary work teams for the design of survey protocols to respond to key programmatic questions aligned to the needs of the countries. Valid laboratory results are critical and rely on the standardized installment and roll-out of laboratory tech- niques. Field teams require adequate training and supervision to properly implement survey procedures. The analysis and interpretation of serosurveys results should be antigen-specific, contextualizing the responses for each disease, and triangulated with programmatic and epidemiological data for making decisions tailored to specific population socioeconomic and ecologic contexts. Conclusions. Integrated serosurveillance as a complementary tool for functional epidemiological surveil- lance systems is feasible to use and key components should be considered: political engagement, technical engagement, and integrated planning. Aspects such as designing the protocol, selecting target populations and diseases, laboratory capacities, anticipating the capacities to analyze and interpret complex data, and how to use it are key.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Sistematizar la experiencia y determinar los desafíos y las enseñanzas obtenidas durante la apli- cación de una iniciativa de serovigilancia integrada de enfermedades transmisibles mediante un ensayo de perlas múltiples en países de la Región de las Américas. Métodos. Se recopilaron y revisaron los documentos generados en el marco de la iniciativa. Estos incluían notas conceptuales, documentos de trabajo internos, informes de reuniones regionales y protocolos de encuesta de los tres países participantes (Brasil, México y Paraguay) y otros dos países (Guatemala y Guyana) donde en las encuestas sobre enfermedades tropicales desatendidas también se incluía la serología para varias enfermedades transmisibles. Se recabó y resumió la información para describir tanto la experiencia como los desafíos y las enseñanzas de mayor relevancia. Resultados. La realización de encuestas serológicas integradas requiere equipos de trabajo interprogramáti- cos e interdisciplinarios para la elaboración de protocolos de encuesta que permitan responder a cuestiones programáticas fundamentales y ajustadas a las necesidades de los países. Es imprescindible contar con resultados de laboratorio válidos, para lo que es preciso que sus técnicas e instalaciones estén estandariza- das. Para que los equipos de campo puedan ejecutar correctamente los procedimientos de la encuesta, deben contar con una formación y supervisión adecuadas. El análisis y la interpretación de los resultados de las encuestas serológicas deben ser específicos para cada antígeno, situar las respuestas en el contexto de cada enfermedad y triangularse con los datos programáticos y epidemiológicos para tomar decisiones adaptadas a los contextos socioeconómicos y ecológicos específicos de la población. Conclusiones. Es uso de la vigilancia serológica integrada como una herramienta complementaria en los sistemas funcionales de vigilancia epidemiológica es algo posible; para esto deben tenerse en cuenta ciertos elementos fundamentales: el compromiso político, el compromiso técnico y la planificación integrada. A tal efecto, son fundamentales ciertos elementos como el diseño del protocolo, la selección de los grupos pobla- cionales y las enfermedades objetivo, la capacidad de los laboratorios, y la previsión de las capacidades de análisis e interpretación de datos complejos y la forma de utilizarlos.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Sistematizar a experiência e identificar desafios e lições aprendidas na implementação de uma iniciativa de vigilância sorológica integrada de doenças transmissíveis, usando ensaio de micro-esferas multiplex em países das Américas. Métodos. Os documentos produzidos na iniciativa foram compilados e examinados, e incluíram notas con- ceituais, documentos internos de trabalho, relatórios de reuniões regionais e protocolos de pesquisa dos três países participantes (México, Paraguai e Brasil) e de dois países adicionais (Guiana e Guatemala), onde a vigilância sorológica de várias doenças transmissíveis foi incluída em pesquisas sobre doenças tropicais negligenciadas. As informações foram extraídas e resumidas para descrever a experiência e os desafios e as lições aprendidas mais relevantes. Resultados. A implementação de inquéritos sorológicos integrados requer equipes de trabalho interpro- gramáticas e interdisciplinares para o delineamento de protocolos que respondam a questões programáticas chave, alinhadas com as necessidades dos países. Resultados laboratoriais válidos são essenciais, e depen- dem da instalação e implantação padronizadas de técnicas laboratoriais. As equipes de campo precisam de treinamento e supervisão apropriados para implementar adequadamente os procedimentos de pesquisa. A análise e a interpretação dos resultados dos inquéritos sorológicos devem ser antígeno-específicas, con- textualizando as respostas para cada doença, e trianguladas com dados programáticos e epidemiológicos para a tomada de decisões adaptadas aos contextos socioeconômicos e ecológicos específicos de cada população. Conclusões. A vigilância sorológica integrada como ferramenta complementar para sistemas de vigilância epidemiológica funcionais é viável. Os componentes-chave a seguir devem ser considerados: engajamento político, engajamento técnico e planejamento integrado. Aspectos como o delineamento do protocolo, a seleção de populações-alvo e doenças-alvo, a capacidade laboratorial, a previsão das capacidades para análise e interpretação de dados complexos e como usá-los são fundamentais.

Lessons learned from the implementation of integrated serosurveillance of communicable diseases in the Americas / Enseñanzas obtenidas en la aplicación de la serovigilancia integrada de las enfermedades transmisibles en la Región de las Américas / Lições aprendidas com a implementação da vigilância sorológica integrada de doenças transmissíveis nas Américas

ABSTRACT Objective. Systematize the experience and identify challenges and lessons learned in the implementation of an initiative for integrated serosurveillance of communicable diseases using a multiplex bead assay in countries of the Americas. Methods. Documents produced in the initiative were compiled and reviewed. These included concept notes, internal working papers, regional meetings reports, and survey protocols from the three participating countries (Mexico, Paraguay, and Brazil) and two additional countries (Guyana and Guatemala) where serology for several communicable diseases was included in neglected tropical diseases surveys. Information was extracted and summarized to describe the experience and the most relevant challenges and lessons learned. Results. Implementing integrated serosurveys requires interprogrammatic and interdisciplinary work teams for the design of survey protocols to respond to key programmatic questions aligned to the needs of the countries. Valid laboratory results are critical and rely on the standardized installment and roll-out of laboratory techniques. Field teams require adequate training and supervision to properly implement survey procedures. The analysis and interpretation of serosurveys results should be antigen-specific, contextualizing the responses for each disease, and triangulated with programmatic and epidemiological data for making decisions tailored to specific population socioeconomic and ecologic contexts. Conclusions. Integrated serosurveillance as a complementary tool for functional epidemiological surveillance systems is feasible to use and key components should be considered: political engagement, technical engagement, and integrated planning. Aspects such as designing the protocol, selecting target populations and diseases, laboratory capacities, anticipating the capacities to analyze and interpret complex data, and how to use it are key.

Resumen Objetivo. Sistematizar la experiencia y determinar los desafíos y las enseñanzas obtenidas durante la aplicación de una iniciativa de serovigilancia integrada de enfermedades transmisibles mediante un ensayo de perlas múltiples en países de la Región de las Américas. Métodos. Se recopilaron y revisaron los documentos generados en el marco de la iniciativa. Estos incluían notas conceptuales, documentos de trabajo internos, informes de reuniones regionales y protocolos de encuesta de los tres países participantes (Brasil, México y Paraguay) y otros dos países (Guatemala y Guyana) donde en las encuestas sobre enfermedades tropicales desatendidas también se incluía la serología para varias enfermedades transmisibles. Se recabó y resumió la información para describir tanto la experiencia como los desafíos y las enseñanzas de mayor relevancia. Resultados. La realización de encuestas serológicas integradas requiere equipos de trabajo interprogramáticos e interdisciplinarios para la elaboración de protocolos de encuesta que permitan responder a cuestiones programáticas fundamentales y ajustadas a las necesidades de los países. Es imprescindible contar con resultados de laboratorio válidos, para lo que es preciso que sus técnicas e instalaciones estén estandarizadas. Para que los equipos de campo puedan ejecutar correctamente los procedimientos de la encuesta, deben contar con una formación y supervisión adecuadas. El análisis y la interpretación de los resultados de las encuestas serológicas deben ser específicos para cada antígeno, situar las respuestas en el contexto de cada enfermedad y triangularse con los datos programáticos y epidemiológicos para tomar decisiones adaptadas a los contextos socioeconómicos y ecológicos específicos de la población. Conclusiones. Es uso de la vigilancia serológica integrada como una herramienta complementaria en los sistemas funcionales de vigilancia epidemiológica es algo posible; para esto deben tenerse en cuenta ciertos elementos fundamentales: el compromiso político, el compromiso técnico y la planificación integrada. A tal efecto, son fundamentales ciertos elementos como el diseño del protocolo, la selección de los grupos poblacionales y las enfermedades objetivo, la capacidad de los laboratorios, y la previsión de las capacidades de análisis e interpretación de datos complejos y la forma de utilizarlos.

RESUMO Objetivo. Sistematizar a experiência e identificar desafios e lições aprendidas na implementação de uma iniciativa de vigilância sorológica integrada de doenças transmissíveis, usando ensaio de micro-esferas multiplex em países das Américas. Métodos. Os documentos produzidos na iniciativa foram compilados e examinados, e incluíram notas conceituais, documentos internos de trabalho, relatórios de reuniões regionais e protocolos de pesquisa dos três países participantes (México, Paraguai e Brasil) e de dois países adicionais (Guiana e Guatemala), onde a vigilância sorológica de várias doenças transmissíveis foi incluída em pesquisas sobre doenças tropicais negligenciadas. As informações foram extraídas e resumidas para descrever a experiência e os desafios e as lições aprendidas mais relevantes. Resultados. A implementação de inquéritos sorológicos integrados requer equipes de trabalho interprogramáticas e interdisciplinares para o delineamento de protocolos que respondam a questões programáticas chave, alinhadas com as necessidades dos países. Resultados laboratoriais válidos são essenciais, e dependem da instalação e implantação padronizadas de técnicas laboratoriais. As equipes de campo precisam de treinamento e supervisão apropriados para implementar adequadamente os procedimentos de pesquisa. A análise e a interpretação dos resultados dos inquéritos sorológicos devem ser antígeno-específicas, contextualizando as respostas para cada doença, e trianguladas com dados programáticos e epidemiológicos para a tomada de decisões adaptadas aos contextos socioeconômicos e ecológicos específicos de cada população. Conclusões. A vigilância sorológica integrada como ferramenta complementar para sistemas de vigilância epidemiológica funcionais é viável. Os componentes-chave a seguir devem ser considerados: engajamento político, engajamento técnico e planejamento integrado. Aspectos como o delineamento do protocolo, a seleção de populações-alvo e doenças-alvo, a capacidade laboratorial, a previsão das capacidades para análise e interpretação de dados complexos e como usá-los são fundamentais.

Improving the quality and use of immunization and surveillance data: Summary report of the Working Group of the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization.

Concerns about the quality and use of immunization and vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) surveillance data have been highlighted on the global agenda for over two decades. In August 2017, the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) established a Working Group (WG) onthe Quality and Use of Global Immunization and Surveillance Data to review the current status and evidence to make recommendations, which were presented to SAGE in October 2019. The WG synthesized evidence from landscape analyses, literature reviews, country case-studies, a data triangulation analysis, as well as surveys of experts. Data quality (DQ) was defined as data that are accurate, precise, relevant, complete, and timely enough for the intended purpose (fit-for-purpose), and data use as the degree to which data are actually used for defined purposes, e.g., immunization programme management, performance monitoring, decision-making. The WG outlined roles and responsibilities for immunization and surveillance DQ and use by programme level. The WG found that while DQ is dependent on quality data collection at health facilities, many interventions have targeted national and subnational levels, or have focused on new technologies, rather than the people and enabling environments required for functional information systems. The WG concluded that sustainable improvements in immunization and surveillance DQ and use will require efforts across the health system - governance, people, tools, and processes, including use of data for continuous quality improvement (CQI) - and that the approaches need to be context-specific, country-owned and driven from the frontline up. At the country level, major efforts are needed to: (1) embed monitoring DQ and use alongside monitoring of immunization and surveillance performance, (2) increase workforce capacity and capability for DQ and use, starting at the facility level, (3) improve the accuracy of immunization programme targets (denominators), (4) enhance use of existing data for tailored programme action (e.g., immunization programme planning, management and policy-change), (5) adopt a data-driven CQI approach as part of health system strengthening, (6) strengthen governance around piloting and implementation of new information and communication technology tools, and (7) improve data sharing and knowledge management across areas and organizations for improved transparency and efficiency. Global and regional partners are requested to support countries in adopting relevant recommendations for their setting and to continue strengthening the reporting and monitoring of immunization and VPD surveillance data through processes periodic needs assessment and revision processes. This summary of the WG's findings and recommendations can support "data-guided" implementation of the new Immunization Agenda 2030.

Experiencia del desarrollo de herramientas para el monitoreo de coberturas de vacunación y quimioterapia preventiva

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Describir la experiencia y las lecciones aprendidas en el desarrollo de herramientas para el monitoreo de las coberturas de vacunación y de quimioterapia preventiva en las Américas. Métodos. Se compiló y revisó la documentación disponible en los programas regionales de inmunización integral de la familia y de las enfermedades infecciosas desatendidas de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud producida durante el proceso de desarrollo de las herramientas entre 2012 y 2017 incluidos: búsqueda sistemática de literatura, reportes técnicos, informes de reuniones internas, reporte de la prueba piloto e informes y resultados de las evaluaciones de los talleres de entrenamiento en doce países de las Américas. La documentación se organizó, se extrajo la información más relevante sobre el desarrollo de las herramientas y se consensuaron las principales lecciones aprendidas en el proceso. Resultados. El proceso facilitó la organización y sistematización de las herramientas aplicadas durante las últimas dos décadas en los programas de vacunación en las Américas para el análisis y monitoreo de las coberturas y su rápida adaptación para el monitoreo de las coberturas de la quimioterapia preventiva. Se integró un conjunto de herramientas cuya aplicación se define con un algoritmo de decisiones y pueden ser utilizadas por los países. Conclusiones. Las lecciones aprendidas pueden aplicarse para desarrollos similares y para promover el trabajo interprogramático en salud pública. El trabajo integrado aceleró el desarrollo de herramientas útiles para los países.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Describe the experience and lessons learned in the development of tools to monitor vaccination coverage and preventive chemotherapy coverage in the Americas. Methods. The available documentation on Pan American Health Organization/ World Health Organization regional programs for comprehensive family immunization and neglected infectious diseases––produced during the process of tool development from 2012 to 2017––was compiled and reviewed, including: systematic literature search, technical reports, internal meeting reports, pilot study report, and reports and results from evaluations of training workshops in 12 countries of the Americas. The documentation was organized, gleaning the most relevant information on tool development, and consensus was reached on the principal lessons learned in the process. Results. The process facilitated the organization and dissemination of tools used to analyze and monitor vaccination coverage during the last two decades in vaccination programs in the Americas, and the rapid adaptation of these tools for monitoring preventive chemotherapy coverage. A toolkit was put together, accompanied by a decision tree to aid in its application, which countries can use.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Descrever a experiência e as lições aprendidas no desenvolvimento de ferramentas para o monitoramento da cobertura vacinal e quimioprofilaxia nas Américas. Métodos. Foi coletada e revisada a documentação disponível nos programas regionais de imunização integral da família e doenças infecciosas negligenciadas da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde, produzida no processo de desenvolvimento de ferramentas entre 2012 e 2017. Os arquivos englobavam resultados de busca sistemática da literatura, relatórios técnicos, atas de reuniões internas, informe de teste-piloto e relatórios e resultados das avaliações dos seminários de capacitação em 12 países das Américas. A documentação foi organizada e foram extraídos os dados mais relevantes sobre o desenvolvimento das ferramentas. As principais lições aprendidas no processo foram decididas por consenso. Resultados. O processo facilitou a organização e a sistematização das ferramentas empregadas nas últimas duas décadas nos programas de vacinação nas Américas para avaliação e monitoramento da cobertura vacinal e sua rápida adaptação para o monitoramento da cobertura da quimioprofilaxia. Foi integrado um conjunto de ferramentas cuja aplicação é definida com um algoritmo de decisões e que pode ser utilizado pelos países. Conclusões. As lições aprendidas podem ser aplicadas em processos semelhantes de desenvolvimento e para promover o trabalho interprogramático em saúde pública. O trabalho integrado acelerou o desenvolvimento de ferramentas úteis para os países.

[Experience with development of tools to monitor vaccination coverage and preventive chemotherapy coverageExperiência do desenvolvimento de ferramentas para o monitoramento da cobertura vacinal e quimioprofilaxia]. / Experiencia del desarrollo de herramientas para el monitoreo de coberturas de vacunación y quimioterapia preventiva.

OBJETIVO: Describir la experiencia y las lecciones aprendidas en el desarrollo de herramientas para el monitoreo de las coberturas de vacunación y de quimioterapia preventiva en las Américas. MÉTODOS: Se compiló y revisó la documentación disponible en los programas regionales de inmunización integral de la familia y de las enfermedades infecciosas desatendidas de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud producida durante el proceso de desarrollo de las herramientas entre 2012 y 2017 incluidos: búsqueda sistemática de literatura, reportes técnicos, informes de reuniones internas, reporte de la prueba piloto e informes y resultados de las evaluaciones de los talleres de entrenamiento en doce países de las Américas. La documentación se organizó, se extrajo la información más relevante sobre el desarrollo de las herramientas y se consensuaron las principales lecciones aprendidas en el proceso. RESULTADOS: El proceso facilitó la organización y sistematización de las herramientas aplicadas durante las últimas dos décadas en los programas de vacunación en las Américas para el análisis y monitoreo de las coberturas y su rápida adaptación para el monitoreo de las coberturas de la quimioterapia preventiva. Se integró un conjunto de herramientas cuya aplicación se define con un algoritmo de decisiones y pueden ser utilizadas por los países. CONCLUSIONES: Las lecciones aprendidas pueden aplicarse para desarrollos similares y para promover el trabajo interprogramático en salud pública. El trabajo integrado aceleró el desarrollo de herramientas útiles para los países.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a experiência e as lições aprendidas no desenvolvimento de ferramentas para o monitoramento da cobertura vacinal e quimioprofilaxia nas Américas. MÉTODOS: Foi coletada e revisada a documentação disponível nos programas regionais de imunização integral da família e doenças infecciosas negligenciadas da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde, produzida no processo de desenvolvimento de ferramentas entre 2012 e 2017. Os arquivos englobavam resultados de busca sistemática da literatura, relatórios técnicos, atas de reuniões internas, informe de teste-piloto e relatórios e resultados das avaliações dos seminários de capacitação em 12 países das Américas. A documentação foi organizada e foram extraídos os dados mais relevantes sobre o desenvolvimento das ferramentas. As principais lições aprendidas no processo foram decididas por consenso. RESULTADOS: O processo facilitou a organização e a sistematização das ferramentas empregadas nas últimas duas décadas nos programas de vacinação nas Américas para avaliação e monitoramento da cobertura vacinal e sua rápida adaptação para o monitoramento da cobertura da quimioprofilaxia. Foi integrado um conjunto de ferramentas cuja aplicação é definida com um algoritmo de decisões e que pode ser utilizado pelos países. CONCLUSÕES: As lições aprendidas podem ser aplicadas em processos semelhantes de desenvolvimento e para promover o trabalho interprogramático em saúde pública. O trabalho integrado acelerou o desenvolvimento de ferramentas úteis para os países.

Experiencia del desarrollo de herramientas para el monitoreo de coberturas de vacunación y quimioterapia preventiva / Experience with development of tools to monitor vaccination coverage and preventive chemotherapy coverage / Experiência do desenvolvimento de ferramentas para o monitoramento da cobertura vacinal e quimioprofilaxia

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir la experiencia y las lecciones aprendidas en el desarrollo de herramientas para el monitoreo de las coberturas de vacunación y de quimioterapia preventiva en las Américas. Métodos Se compiló y revisó la documentación disponible en los programas regionales de inmunización integral de la familia y de las enfermedades infecciosas desatendidas de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud producida durante el proceso de desarrollo de las herramientas entre 2012 y 2017 incluidos: búsqueda sistemática de literatura, reportes técnicos, informes de reuniones internas, reporte de la prueba piloto e informes y resultados de las evaluaciones de los talleres de entrenamiento en doce países de las Américas. La documentación se organizó, se extrajo la información más relevante sobre el desarrollo de las herramientas y se consensuaron las principales lecciones aprendidas en el proceso. Resultados El proceso facilitó la organización y sistematización de las herramientas aplicadas durante las últimas dos décadas en los programas de vacunación en las Américas para el análisis y monitoreo de las coberturas y su rápida adaptación para el monitoreo de las coberturas de la quimioterapia preventiva. Se integró un conjunto de herramientas cuya aplicación se define con un algoritmo de decisiones y pueden ser utilizadas por los países. Conclusiones Las lecciones aprendidas pueden aplicarse para desarrollos similares y para promover el trabajo interprogramático en salud pública. El trabajo integrado aceleró el desarrollo de herramientas útiles para los países.

ABSTRACT Objective Describe the experience and lessons learned in the development of tools to monitor vaccination coverage and preventive chemotherapy coverage in the Americas. Methods The available documentation on Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization regional programs for comprehensive family immunization and neglected infectious diseases--produced during the process of tool development from 2012 to 2017--was compiled and reviewed, including: systematic literature search, technical reports, internal meeting reports, pilot study report, and reports and results from evaluations of training workshops in 12 countries of the Americas. The documentation was organized, gleaning the most relevant information on tool development, and consensus was reached on the principal lessons learned in the process. Results The process facilitated the organization and dissemination of tools used to analyze and monitor vaccination coverage during the last two decades in vaccination programs in the Americas, and the rapid adaptation of these tools for monitoring preventive chemotherapy coverage. A toolkit was put together, accompanied by a decision tree to aid in its application, which countries can use.

RESUMO Objetivo Descrever a experiência e as lições aprendidas no desenvolvimento de ferramentas para o monitoramento da cobertura vacinal e quimioprofilaxia nas Américas. Métodos Foi coletada e revisada a documentação disponível nos programas regionais de imunização integral da família e doenças infecciosas negligenciadas da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde, produzida no processo de desenvolvimento de ferramentas entre 2012 e 2017. Os arquivos englobavam resultados de busca sistemática da literatura, relatórios técnicos, atas de reuniões internas, informe de teste-piloto e relatórios e resultados das avaliações dos seminários de capacitação em 12 países das Américas. A documentação foi organizada e foram extraídos os dados mais relevantes sobre o desenvolvimento das ferramentas. As principais lições aprendidas no processo foram decididas por consenso. Resultados O processo facilitou a organização e a sistematização das ferramentas empregadas nas últimas duas décadas nos programas de vacinação nas Américas para avaliação e monitoramento da cobertura vacinal e sua rápida adaptação para o monitoramento da cobertura da quimioprofilaxia. Foi integrado um conjunto de ferramentas cuja aplicação é definida com um algoritmo de decisões e que pode ser utilizado pelos países. Conclusões As lições aprendidas podem ser aplicadas em processos semelhantes de desenvolvimento e para promover o trabalho interprogramático em saúde pública. O trabalho integrado acelerou o desenvolvimento de ferramentas úteis para os países.

Brazilian experience with rapid monitoring of vaccination coverage during a national rubella elimination campaign.

OBJECTIVE: To describe an adapted version of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) methodology for rapid monitoring of vaccination coverage and its use as a supervisory tool to guide decision-making and strategies for end-stage vaccination activities ("mop-up" operations) following a six-week national rubella elimination campaign in Brazil. METHODS: Vaccination coverage assessments modeled on a variation of PAHO's rapid house-to-house coverage monitoring methodology were conducted by Brazilian municipalities following mass immunization of adults and adolescents from August to December 2008. Results of monitoring assessments conducted in 3 658 (65.7%) of 5 564 municipalities were reported to Brazil's National Immunization Program. RESULTS: Information on vaccination against rubella was obtained from more than 1.5 million Brazilians (2.1% of the 70.1 million people targeted for immunization) during vaccination coverage monitoring. According to the assessment data, vaccination targets of 95% coverage were reached in 2 175 (59.5%) of the 3 658 municipalities that reported results. The percentage of municipalities that reached coverage targets was lower than administrative coverage estimates (number of vaccine doses administered divided by the immunization target population). These results informed targeted "mop-up" campaigns to reach unvaccinated populations. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid coverage monitoring implemented at the local level proved useful for deciding when to conclude vaccination activities and where to focus additional efforts to achieve desired coverage.

Measles outbreak in Venezuela: a new challenge to postelimination surveillance and control?

The circulation of wild measles virus was interrupted in Venezuela in February 2007 after the catch-up vaccination (1994) and monitoring (1998) and in response to the measles outbreak in 2001. Traditionally, the routine coverage with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine does not exceed 85%. In February 2006, a measles outbreak started by importation in the State Miranda; this extended to 7 states and lasted 50 weeks with an intermediate period of 17 weeks without reported cases. New cases were reported in the States Guarico and Amazon. The pattern of circulation of the silent period was determined through the use of retrospective search for measles; this showed that 57% of suspected cases did not enter the surveillance system. Molecular epidemiology made it possible to identify B3 as only genotype, which also circulated in Spain. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of measles have been modified; these determine outbreaks identified late, of slow expansion, silent, and with limited case-fatality, compared with classical outbreaks. The outbreak spread by that behavior was not recognized and the classical control measures did not result. The beginning of a broader and intense vaccination was delayed, partly by weaknesses in the sensitivity of the system. It is crucial to recognize the new behavior of measles and the effectiveness of the classical control measures, and especially to establish criteria for interruption of the circulation to control an outbreak in this stage of elimination.

Guidelines for the documentation and verification of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome elimination in the region of the Americas.

In the region of the Americas, goals for the elimination of endemic measles and rubella/congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) by the year 2000 and 2010, respectively were established. The successful implementation of measles elimination strategies in the region of the Americas resulted in the interruption of endemic measles transmission in 2002 and tremendous progress toward rubella and CRS elimination. In October 2007, the 27th Pan American Sanitary Conference adopted Resolution CSP27.R2 urging member states to begin documenting and verifying the interruption of endemic transmission of the measles and rubella viruses in the Americas. To ensure a standardized approach for the process of documentation and verification, the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) developed a regional plan of action to guide countries and their national commissions as they prepare and consolidate evidence of the interruption of endemic measles and rubella transmission. This article summarizes the plan of action including the essential criteria and components of the guidelines.

Approach to verify the status of measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome elimination in Costa Rica.

Costa Rica introduced the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in 1986. The Ministry of Health adopted the goal of eliminating endemic measles in 1991 by achieving and maintaining high vaccine coverage through routine delivery, mass campaigns and outreach activities, and the strengthening of expanded program on immunization (EPI) surveillance. Measles and rubella immunization strategies shifted susceptibility to older age groups, leading to the introduction of MMR2 in 1992, administered at age 7 years. In 2000, the goal of accelerated rubella control and congenital rubella syndrome prevention was established, and a nationwide vaccination campaign targeting men and women aged 15-39 was implemented to immunize the population of reproductive age. The last endemic case of measles was confirmed in 1999, and at the end of 2001 Costa Rica reported the last endemic cases of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome. Imported cases of measles and rubella were detected in 2003 and 2005, with no secondary cases detected. In 2008, Costa Rica established a National Committee of Experts, supported by technical teams, to collect the evidence required to verify the interruption of endemic transmission of the measles and rubella viruses. The evidence includes information on trends and epidemiologic analysis, molecular epidemiology, population immunity, the quality of surveillance, and the sustainability of the EPI program.

Rubella vaccination of unknowingly pregnant women during mass campaigns for rubella and congenital rubella syndrome elimination, the Americas 2001-2008.

BACKGROUND: Due to the significant teratogenicity of rubella virus and the use of a live-attentuated vaccine, pregnancy is a contraindication of receipt of rubella vaccine (RCV). Data collected from several countries that have observed susceptible women who had received RCV during pregnancy documented that no infant with congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) has been born, so the risk is theoretical. As part of the regional initiative to eliminate rubella and CRS in the Americas, one of the key strategies was the vaccination of women of childbearing age. The implementation of mass vaccination campaigns targeting women of childbearing age in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, and Paraguay provided an opportunity to further increase the body of knowledge on the safety of rubella vaccine if an unknowingly pregnant woman is vaccinated in early pregnancy. METHODS: Using a standard protocol, women who were unknowingly pregnant or become pregnant ≤ 30 days after receiving RCV were evaluated to determine immunity status (eg, susceptible, immune, and unknown) at the time of vaccination. Susceptible pregnant women were observed to determine the outcome of the pregnancy. For pregnancies that resulted in live births, serum samples were obtained from the newborn for rubella immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibody testing. If the newborn's serum sample was IgM positive, the infant was evaluated for manifestations of CRS. RESULTS: During the period 2001-2008, 48748253 women of childbearing age were vaccinated in the region of the Americas, 39542253 (81%) of whom were vaccinated in the 6 selected countries. Of these women, 30139 (0.07%) were pregnant or became pregnant ≤1 month after receiving vaccine and were followed up. On the basis of serological evaluation, 2894 (10%) women were classified as susceptible at the time of vaccination; of their pregnancies, 1980 (90%) resulted in a live birth. Sera from 70 (3.5%) of these infants were rubella IgM antibody positive, but none of the infants had features of CRS as a result of rubella vaccination. The maximum theoretical risk for CRS following rubella vaccination of susceptible pregnant women was 0.2%. Conclusions. The results of these studies from 6 select countries provides additional evidence showing an absence of risk of CRS associated with administering rubella vaccine shortly before or during pregnancy.

Brazilian experience with rapid monitoring of vaccination coverage during a national rubella elimination campaign / Monitoreo rápido de la cobertura de vacunación durante una campaña nacional de eliminación de la rubéola en el Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To describe an adapted version of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) methodology for rapid monitoring of vaccination coverage and its use as a supervisory tool to guide decision-making and strategies for end-stage vaccination activities ("mopup" operations) following a six-week national rubella elimination campaign in Brazil. METHODS: Vaccination coverage assessments modeled on a variation of PAHO's rapid house-to-house coverage monitoring methodology were conducted by Brazilian municipalities following mass immunization of adults and adolescents from August to December 2008. Results of monitoring assessments conducted in 3 658 (65.7 percent) of 5 564 municipalities were reported to Brazil's National Immunization Program. RESULTS: Information on vaccination against rubella was obtained from more than 1.5 million Brazilians (2.1 percent of the 70.1 million people targeted for immunization) during vaccination coverage monitoring. According to the assessment data, vaccination targets of 95 percent coverage were reached in 2 175 (59.5 percent) of the 3 658 municipalities that reported results. The percentage of municipalities that reached coverage targets was lower than administrative coverage estimates (number of vaccine doses administered divided by the immunization target population). These results informed targeted "mop-up" campaigns to reach unvaccinated populations. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid coverage monitoring implemented at the local level proved useful for deciding when to conclude vaccination activities and where to focus additional efforts to achieve desired coverage.

Describir una versión adaptada de la metodología de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) para el monitoreo rápido de la cobertura de vacunación. Exponer su uso como herramienta de supervisión para guiar la toma de decisiones y las estrategias para las actividades de vacunación finales (campañas "de barrido") después de una campaña nacional de eliminación de la rubéola de 6 semanas de duración en el Brasil. MÉTODOS: Los municipios brasileños llevaron a cabo una evaluación de la cobertura de vacunación basada en una variante de la metodología de monitoreo rápido "casa por casa" de la OPS, después de una campaña masiva de vacunación de adultos y adolescentes efectuada entre agosto y diciembre del 2008. Los resultados de las evaluaciones de seguimiento realizadas en 3 658 (65,7 por ciento) de 5 564 municipios se comunicaron al Programa Nacional de Vacunación del Brasil. RESULTADOS: Mediante el monitoreo de la cobertura de vacunación se obtuvo información sobre la vacunación antirrubeólica de más de 1,5 millones de brasileños (2,1 por ciento de los 70,1 millones de destinatarios de la inmunización). Según estos datos, se alcanzó la meta de vacunación (cobertura del 95 por ciento) en 2 175 (59,5 por ciento) de los 3 658 municipios que presentaron resultados. El porcentaje de municipios que alcanzaron la meta de cobertura fue menor que las estimaciones de cobertura administrativa (cantidad de dosis de vacuna administradas dividida por la población destinataria de la inmunización). Estos resultados se usaron para las campañas de vacunación "de barrido" a fin de alcanzar a las poblaciones no vacunadas. CONCLUSIONES: El monitoreo rápido de la cobertura de vacunación en el nivel local resultó útil para decidir cuándo concluir las actividades de vacunación y en qué aspectos se debían concentrar los esfuerzos posteriores para lograr la cobertura deseada.

Congenital rubella syndrome: progress and future challenges.

Since 1941, when Gregg first described the triad of deafness, cataracts and cardiac disease as the classical clinical manifestations of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), strong efforts have been implemented around the world to achieve effective preventive strategies. In Costa Rica, vaccination against rubella started in 1972 and in 1986, the combined measles, mumps and rubella vaccine was introduced in the national schedule among 1-year-old children. This vaccination strategy shifted the susceptibility to other groups at child-bearing age. To protect this age group, in 2001 Costa Rica implemented a successful national immunization campaign targeting both men and women aged 15-39 years, followed by postpartum vaccination of women who were pregnant when the campaign was implemented. The epidemiological surveillance system of rubella and CRS cases was strengthened and it was integrated with the investigation and notification system of febrile eruptive diseases. We describe the Costa Rican experience, which has led to similar actions in other countries in Latin America. Challenges and strategies in the elimination of rubella and CRS are also discussed.